I've seen a lot of requests and questions regarding the B1 level, how to reach it, B1 Exams (Goethe Zertifikat B1), etc. and I was wondering if there's any way you can reach B1
on your own. So as soon as I finished my Goethe A2 course, I started my B1 journey. I researched, I asked my teachers about the books/resources before I used them and I studied every day, at least an hour a day and sometimes even three hours/day. So I thought I'd share some of my experiences
\** NOTE:* Be aware that some of the things mentioned here might or might not work for you; this is just my personal self-study experience
These are the resources that I've used and also how I've used them:
1) BOOKS Get some good books. I can't speak for all the books out there, probably there are betteworse ones, but these are the ones I've used:
- Menschen B1 Kursbuch, Hueber
- Menschen B1 Arbeitsbuch (mit CD), Hueber
- Aspekte Neu B1+ (Teil 1) Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch, Klett
I picked these ones because I got them at a very good price and also a friend of mine who was B1 at the time, told me that that's what they use in class at Goethe Institut. I worked through the books every day, doing one chapter from the KB and then one chapter the next day from the AB, so that I could apply what I learned from the previous day. Don't move on to the next chapter if there's something you didn't understand (especially Grammar), because you will encounter it again and again, and you'll soon find yourself unable to understand anything.
- USE THE CDs. Very important: once you finished a chapter, or a module, go back and do all the listening exercises (especially those in the Arbeitsbuch) because they use the vocab and grammar learned in those chapters.
\** Note: Unfortunately, the Arbeitsbuch has no answers at the back of the book, so if you're not sure about how you did the questions, here are the links to the official answers from Hueber Verlag*
Menschen Loesungsschluessel Arbeitsbuch B1.1 Menschen Loesungsschluessel Arbeitsbuch B1.2
2) GRAMMAR Grammar is essential and B1 is where it becomes essential. And you MUST know it. (Personal experience: I thought I had a well-consolidated vocabulary because I was able to understand a lot of words, but once I started to encounter structures like "
je...desto or
entweder...oder" things might start to get a bit tricky and no matter how much vocabulary you know, it'll be really hard to tell the meaning of a sentence. So Learn the GRAMMAR.
German level B1 has a lot of grammar topics. In every chapter at least 3–4 grammar topics are present. List of Grammar topics in B1 is as follows.
Praeteritum formen: Ich suchte, du suchtest, etc. using “te” instead of partizip II.
Vergangenes berichten
vergangenheit, vorvergangenheit, plusquamperfekt
Futur I
Bildung des passiv; werden+partizip II, wurde+partizip II, sein+partizip II
Passiv mit Modalverb: Modalverb+Partizip II+werden im infinitiv
Konjuktiv II der Modalverben
Irreale Bedingungssaetze mit Konjuktiv II
Verb mit Pareposition
nicht/kein+brauchen+zu, nur+brauchen+zu
Genetiv: “des”
n-Deklination
Adjektive als Substantive
Komparitiv und Superlativ vor Substativen
Adjektiv nach dem bestimmten und unbestimmten Artikel: Genitiv
Adjektivdeklination ohne Artikel
Partizip als Adjektive
Reflexivpronomen im Akkusativ und Dativ
Pronomen mit Praeposition und Pronominaladverbien
Artikelwoerter als Pronomen
Reflexivpronomen was und wo
Wegen und Trotz
Innerhalb und Ausserhalb
Temporale praepositionen Vor, Nach, waehrend
aus+material
Stellung von nicht im satz
Temporale nebensaetze: bevor, nachdem, seit/seitdem, waehrend, bis
Folgen ausdruecken:
deshalb, darum, deswegen
sodass, so….dass
Gruende und Gegenguende ausdruecken: weil/da, obwohl
Infinitiv mit zu
Relativsaetze: Relativpronomen im Dativ
Relativsaetze: Relativpronomen mit Praeposition
Verben mit praeposition und Nebensatz
Zweiteilige Konnektoren:
Sowohl, als auch
nicht nur, sondern auch
entweder, oder
weder, noch
zwar, aber
einerseits, andererseits
Saetze mit je….desto…
- I recommend using this website: Longua All the Grammar Topics are listed there, from Adjective endings to Irregular Verbs and it also has downloadable PDF files with all essential Grammar (A1-C1)
- I also suggest getting this book: Deutsch üben Taschentrainer - Fit in Grammatik B1 (Hueber) It has good and really simple to understand questions and exercises and answers as well
\** Note: Some of these (if not all of them) are explained in Textbooks, but some textbooks just go over them briefly. That's why I suggest if you didn't understand something or if it isn't very well explained in the book, look it up*
3) VOCABULARY (+Listening) Vocabulary is probably the most important part of learning German, and especially B1 Vocab is the starting point for all the daily and basic conversations that you might have in a German-speaking country.
- Official Goethe B1 Wortliste: The official B1 vocabulary issued by the Goethe Institut
- Memrise: It's a great tool honestly, use it every day as much as you can. (I've linked the B1 deck for the exact same B1 Goethe Word List) Search for B1 decks and relevant vocab
- Duolingo - You can still use Duolingo, but at some point, it's not effective anymore (I use it only for vocabulary)
- Read as much as you can - Fiction books, magazines, newspapers, articles, etc. This way you'll start encountering the words you've been learning and also understanding them because if you see them in a context they're easier to remember
- Arte.tv (https://www.arte.tv/de/) - One of the best resources out there if you enjoy watching documentaries, movies and pretty much anything. Arte is a free, and on-demand European (French & German) culture TV channel and most of the content is in German and has German subtitles
- DW Deutsch - Lots of resources for all levels: https://www.dw.com/de/deutsch-lernen/deutsch-aktuell/s-2146
- For Listening:
- German Radio - Deutschland.fm (I recommend these: SWR2, NDR1, NDR Info, Bayern 2, WDR 5)
- ARD Audiothek App (Radio broadcasts/podcasts in German)
- 50 States - Through the USA with Dirk Rohrbach - Dirk Rohrbach is the first European that goes on America's longest river, Missouri. An amazing & very exciting podcast. Easy to understand as well (Also available in ARD Audiothek App)
- Herr Professor Podcast (I just found these podcasts, but they are very useful and easy to understand)
- Watch Youtube Channels in German - there are so many good channels out there and with good content. Here are a few examples:
- Easy German
- 24h Deutsch
- Y-Kollektiv (interesting videos with subtitles in German)
- WDR Doku (documentaries) - probably a bit more advanced, but good content and clear spoken German
- Tagesschau in 100 Sekunden - News in 100 seconds, but you can also watch the whole thing (~15 min) Do this before you go to bed if you can every night
4) SPEAKING This is where it gets tricky. If you're like me (you don't live in a German-speaking country/don't have any German friends) then you know what are the odds of running into a Native/Fluent speaker of German. It gets even trickier if you live in an English speaking country because the odds are even thinner. But there are still a couple of things that you might try in order to practice speaking.
Apps - it's true, it's not the same thing as speaking with someone in person, but at least it challenges and forces your brain to come up with stuff that you might say in a daily conversation.
- Tandem - This is a really nice app, where you can connect with people that are native speakers of different languages, and also people that are interested in learning your language.
- HelloTalk - More people have recommended me this one, but for some reason, I used a lot more Tandem. I thought I'd just link them both here, so you can pick whichever you like
Some of you might have friends or at least know people that can speak German on a decent level. Talk to them and tell them to correct you. If not, don't worry, you'll get the chance at some point. Apps are totally fine for B1.
\**Bonus:* This is something you don't hear a lot of people do, but I did it a couple of times and it's helpful. Try having mental conversations with yourself and see how long you can keep talking. For example, you can say "Wie war dein Tag?" and go on from there. And you'll see that if you avoid answers like "Gut" or "Toll", it actually gets pretty hard to say everything that you did in one day because you don't have the vocab yet. It's a bit strange, but helpful because it shows you instantly what you know and what you don't know.
Other resources for B1:
I hope this helps! :) submitted by Tuvan (Тыва дыл, Tıwa dıl; [tʰɯˈʋa tɯl]; also known as Tuvinian, Tyvan or Tuvine) is a
Turkic language spoken by slightly fewer than 300,000 in the Tuva Republic in south-central Siberia. Diaspora groups of
Tuvan people that speak varying dialects can also be found in Mongolia and China.
Linguistics
As a Sayan Turkic language, Tuvan is closely related to the
Tofa language, a
moribund language in Russia's Irkutsk Oblast, which it once formed a dialect continuum with. From being a Turkic language in general, it is more distantly related to other languages such as
Tatar (not to be confused with
Crimean Tatar, to which they're both related as well),
Kyrgyz, and of course everyone's favourite language,
Uzbek.
Classification Tuva's full classification is as follows:
Turkic (
Proto-Turkic) >
Common Turkic >
Siberian Turkic > South Siberian > Sayan Turkic > Tuvan
Phonology and Phonotactics Tuvan has 16 different vowel phonemes, contrasting 8 different
qualities and 2 different
lengths. Tuvan also has 8 'low-pitch' vowels that appear in word-initial syllables. Foг most sрakегs, this is rеalizеd as very low modаl voice, which hаs the aсoustiс сorгelate of low pitсh (low fundamental frеquеnсy). Early studies analyzed these as separate vowels, giving a total number of 24 vowel phonemes; however, following Anderson & Harrison (1999), from which this work draws, here they are analyzed as
suprasegmental features. Thus, in the
IPA, the phonemic vowels are /i y e ø ɯ u a o/ and their long counterparts. Note that, throughout this write-up, the vowels /y ø ɯ/ might be written with their turcological symbols, ü ö ɨ/ï, respectively.
Like most Turkic languages, Tuvan has a process of
vowel harmony, inherited from Proto-Turkic, which already had it fully formed. Tuvan has two types of vowel harmony, Back and Round. Because of Tuvan's perfectly symmetrical vowel system, both classes contain four phonemes and no phonemes are left out of the harmony processes, i.e. there are no neutral vowels.
Out of these two, back harmony is the most robust. The process of back harmony means that either all vowels must be front vowels (the first four listed above) or back vowels (the last four). Vowels in suffixes take their cue from the closest vowel to the left, whether it's in the root or another suffix. Thus all Tuvan suffixes have at least two allomorphs, one for front vowels, and one for back vowels. An example of this is given in
is-ter-im-den ('footprint-PL-1-ABL),
at-tar-ïm-dan (name-PL-1-ABL), where you can see the front and back alternations of the three suffixes. Back vowel harmony arises even when consonant clusters from borrowed words are simplified by vowel epenthesis, showing just how robust this type of vowel harmony is.
Unlike other Turkic languages, such as Uzbek, where vowel harmony only applies weakly (and might be more of a relic than applying at all), Tuvan only has four morphological suffixes exceptions to back vowel harmony, allative, diminutive, durative and sequential. They may be classified respectively as invariant (non-alternating) elements (allative), borrowed suffixal elements (diminutive), or fused elements (durative, sequential). Other exceptions to back harmony occur in some compound words, through ablaut (an intensive form is created by applying ablaut to the second vowel of a disyllabic adjective; this ablauted vowel is always front, regardless of the first vowel) as well as due to co-articulatory features in fluent speech. The latter of these causes disharmony in several other Turkic languages as well.
Round harmony, on the other hand, is much more restricted in its appearance. Under round harmony, high vowels that follow a round vowel must also be round. Thus, round harmony only targets two vowels, /i/ and /ï/, which become realized as /ü/ and if the vowel before them is a round vowel. The only time the rounded high vowels appear in post-initial syllables is when this process of vowel harmony takes place. Native words thus contain no examples of a round vowel followed by a high unrounded vowel. Furthermore, due to phonotactic contrasints, no rounded vowel may follow an unrounded vowel. Thus the only time that the mid-rounded vowels, /ö/ and /o/ occur in native words is in the initial vowel position, with a few exceptions that originally derived from compound words.
There are 19 native Tuvan consonant phonemes, with two more appearing only in loan words. Tuvan consonants undergo a predictable pattern of surface changes when they are realized in a word. Tuvan bilabial stops only contrast in word-initial position. For some speakers, the contrast between [b]/[p] and [d]/[t] is one of (weak) voicing, while for other speakers they are contrasted by aspiration.
No onset clusters exist in native Tuvan words, being limited solely to borrowings. Only two possible clusters exist in the coda - [rt] and [jt]. All other word-internal clusters are
heterosyllabic (i.e. they occur in two different syllables). The following syllable types are attested in native Tuvan words: V, VV, VC, VVC, VCC, CV, CVV, CVC, CVVC, CVCC. Stress in Tuvan is weak, and falls on the final syllable of a word. This stress is not sensitive to vowel quality, thus it is not attracted to long vowels; if suffixes are added, the stress typically shifts to the final suffix, though there are a few non-stress-bearing suffixes.
Morphology and Syntax Tuvan, like all Turkic languages, is an
agglutinative language, meaning suffixes are tacked on to the ends of words, often forming one long word that could represent a full English sentence. However, Tuvan does have a few morphological processes -- elision, vowel lengthening and reduplication -- which are not agglutinative.
Tuvan's basic word order is
subject-object-verb. Noun phrases and verb phrases are
head-final, with the maximum expansion of the noun phrase being [Demonstrative-Possessive-Adjective Phrase-Noun] and the verb phrase being [Direct Object - Indirect Object- Subject - Verb]. Some freedom is permitted within the verb-phrase for focus, with objects that move closer to the verb being more focused; however, the verb always occurs finally. Postpositions are also used in the language.
Tuvan makes no morphological distinction based on noun class/gender. However, there is one exception, the words meaning 'old' and 'young', which have different words based on whether the object is animate (people, animals, trees, the heart, etc.) or inanimate (things, plants, body parts). The animate words for old and young are, respectively,
kirgan and
anyak; the inanimate ones are, respectively,
èrgi and
čaa, with the latter also meaning 'new'. Tuvan likewise has no definite articles, with the demonstratives taking its place when something needs to be overtly marked.
However, despite not making any morphological distinctions based on noun class, Tuvan nouns do decline for seven cases --
nominative,
accusative,
genitive,
dative,
locative,
ablative and
allative -- as well as for plurality. The plural marker precedes any possessive and case affixes. Nouns that are quantified by a number generally do not take the plural suffix, and ones that take a numerical-qualifier can take the plural to give a distributive meaning (i.e. 'I have read many
different books').
The base case of Tuvan nouns is the nominative case, which is also the unmarked case. The nominative case is used to mark the subject of the sentence, as well as the first nominal in a two-part possessive construction. It's also used in constructions with 'auxiliary' nouns. Furthermore, it is used for an indefinite direct object of a transitive verb.
The ablative case is used to mark motion
away from an object. This has been extended into temporal use as well, thus
mart aydan (March month-ABL) means 'from March'. It also marks the source and the comparandum in a comparative construction. Furthermore, in uses specific to Tuvan among the Turkic languages, the ablative is used to mark the agent in certain passives and to give a partitive meaning. It is governed by certain postpositions as well.
While the accusative case in general is used to mark direct objects, it does not do this automatically in Tuvan. In fact, the accusative's primary function in Tuvan is to mark definiteness or specificity on direct objects. Furthermore, it make mark the subjects in some subordinate clauses, as well as the predicate itself in aother types. It can be used along with a third person possessive as a vocative and in some dialects its used to mark a causee over the dative case.
Contrary to other Tuvan cases, the allative case has basically one function, to mark direction wards a location, though it may also be used to denote motion around an object. This case is not descended from the Old Turkic allative case, but possibly arose from the word
čak ('moment').
The Tuvan dative case serves to mark the recipient or indirect object of a verb. It is also used to mark an expressed causee in causative formations, as well as an expressed agent in passive formations. Tuvan also uses the dative instead of the locative case in the past and future to express location, and it can sometimes be used to express direction instead of the allative. It also marks the experiencer subject with certain adjectival predicates and is required on the object of other adjectival predicates.
The Tuvan genitive case's primary function is to mark the possessor in a possesive construction, followed by a noun with with a possessive suffix (see below). It can also be used to mark the subject in some subordinate clauses.
The locative case expresses location
solely in the present-tense in Tuvan. This has been extended to temporal locations as well, in which case it is still used in the past tense.
A salient feature of Tuvan is that possessive constructions mark both the possessor and the possessum (thing possessed). The possessor in the clause takes the genitive case, whereas the possessum is marked with a special suffix corresponding to the number and person of the possessor. Some of these forms can be seen in the table below.
Tuvan also has a class of 'auxiliary nouns', which often indicate what would be indicated with prepositions and postpositions in other languages. Postpositions are found in Tuvan as well, but there is a formal difference in how the auxiliary nouns act when compared to the postpositions, so the two are treated as separate classes.
Nominative | 1.POSS | 2.POSS | 3.POSS | 1.PL.POSS | 2.PL.POSS | 3.PL.POSS | English |
xap | xavïm | xavïŋ | xavï | xavïvïs | xavïŋar | xavï | 'bag' |
küš | küžüm | küžüŋ | küžü | küžüvüs | küžüŋer | küžü | 'strength, power' |
The possessive markers precede the case markers, but they follow the plurality marker.
Tuvan has six pronouns, distinguishing two numbers (singular and plural) and three persons. Gender is not distinguished in the pronouns. The third singular form is also identical to the demonstrative 'that'. These pronouns are declined for all seven cases; the singular ones have certain irregularities in their declension patterns, but the plurals all decline regularly. The pronouns, in the nominative case, are summarized in the table below.
Pronoun | Meaning |
men | 1st singular |
sen | 2nd singular |
ol | 3rd singular |
bis(ter) | 1st plural |
siler | 2nd plural |
olar | 3rd plural |
Tuvan pronomial verbal markers can appear in two ways on verbs, either as enclitics or as suffixes. All main-clause verb forms take them as enclitics (except one of the past tense forms, to be described below), whereas all subordinate clauses use the suffix form. These markers, except for the third plural, are always required, whereas the pronoun is optional and frequently dropped; Tuvan is thus a
pro-drop language.
In terms of
tense-aspect-mood, Tuvan has an extensive number of affixes to express an extensive amounts of distinctions. Likewise, auxiliary verbs are also used to further increase the distinctions available. Some of these are described below.
Tuvan has two past tense categories, an 'assertive/definite' and a 'non-assertive/indefinite', past. Both of these are represented on the verb with an affix. The assertive past is the one exception to the use of the pronomial enclitics among main clause verbs in Tuvan. For most verbs, there is no clear-cut semantic distinction, though there are minimal contrasts that could be established for a few verbs. Generally, the non-assertive is the unmarked form, and refers to a general point in the past; it can also be used to express a point further back in the past, such as the English past perfect. The assertive, therefore, may refer to a recent or definite time in the past, and also refers back to things already introduced; in many people's speech, it occurs primarily with first person subjects. A full conjugation paradigm for the two past tenses can be seen in the table below.
Non-Assertive Past | Assertive Past | English |
uškan men | uštum | I flew |
uškan sen | uštuŋ | You flew |
uškan | uštu | S/he flew |
uškan bis | uštuvus | We flew |
uškan siler | uštuŋar | You (pl.) flew |
uškan(nar) | uštu(lar) | They flew |
Non-past is expresed as one form in Tuvan, thus
ažïdaar men can mean "I work" or "I will work". Non-past actions are commonly denoted by auxiliary verbs, which may express a progressive or non-progressive meaning.
Tuvan has six
aspect markers on the verb, the
iterative, used colloquially to mark expressive actions as well as iterative actions; the
perfective; the resultative, used to mark and emphasize actions completed in the past, and used to emphasize the truth of a statement the hearer doubts (e.g. I
did see you!); unaccomplished, used to mark an unaccomplished action and now mostly extinct. It carried a sense that the verb would be completed in the near future; emphatic, marked with reduplication, which adds emphasis to the verb or the connotation of a rapid/intense action; cessation, 'to stop doing X'.
Tuvan also marks an extensive set of modal categories on the verb. These include the
conditional, marking conditional statements in the past and future, and used to mean 'in order to'; the concessive mood, corresponding to English 'even though' or 'although'; the conciliatory, or
optative, which signals the concession or agreement on the part of the subject to perform an action; the
desiderative; the
evidential mood, which can also signal reported speech or the inadvertant, involuntary or unexpected nature of an action; the
imperative mood.
Verbs are negated with a suffix. Tuvan also has a system of
converbs, which can add shades of semantic meaning to the verb. Likewise, there is an extensive system of auxiliary verbs, which, when used with certain converbs, can add a further distinction in various tenses, aspects and moods. One example of this is where an auxiliary can be used to create a continuous meaning. Furthermore, other auxiliaries can add various shades of meaning, such as a self-benefactive voice, capabiliative mood,
inchoative aspect, benefactive voice, etc. Some auxiliaries determine the meaning depending on the converb or semantic class of the verb, but most auxiliaries only have one meaning, despite the converb. A list of these auxiliaries, and their additional meanings, can be seen in the table below.
Auxiliary | Meaning |
al- | self-benefactive voice or capabilative mood |
ber- | inchoative aspect or benefactive mood |
bar- | completitive/perfective action or translocative action (across space) |
bol- | possibilitive mood |
čït- | capabilitive mood |
čoru - | imperfective or durative aspect |
egele- | inchoative aspect |
kag- | 'already' |
kel- | cislocative |
kir- | completive or terminative aspect |
kör- | attemptive mood |
olur- | imperfective aspect |
Miscellany
- Tuvan currently uses a modified version of the Russian Alphabet, with three additional letters.
- Historically, Tuvan was written with the Mongolian script, and a Tuvan monk designed a Latin based script
- There is no traditional way to transcribe Tuvan Cyrillic, so traditional methods are often resorted to; Turkologists often use the Turkic Notation, which was used through this post
- Tuvan throat singing is a well-known musical style of the Tuvan people, as well as of other peoples of the steppes. A link is included below.
Samples
Spoken sample:
Conversation/interview throat singing lullaby More throat singing Final throat singing Tuvan storyteller telling an epic tale Introduction to another epic tale Written sample:
Тыва чоннуң эртинези – хөөмей Делегейниң эң улуг күчулүг, чараш, арыг, байлак хемнерниң бирээзи – алдарлыг Енисейниң – Улуг Хемниң шуурап баткан ораны, делегейде чок дээн делгем чаагай Азия диптиң географтыг төвү, чүрээ, буурул баштыг Саян сыннары хаажылаан Тыва чурту бойдустуң эң ховар чурумалы, тураскаалы болуп турары дег, тываларны өске чоннардан ылгап, алдаржыдып, киискидип турар онзагай демдектер эвээш эвес.
(Excerpt from an essay about Tuvan throat singing)
Tyvan Wikipedia Sources
Previous LotWs
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Spanish II submitted by All the verbs that do not follow the rules above in the conjugation of one or more tenses are called irregular verbs. There are about 200 English irregular verbs, many of them very common. Most of the irregular verbs conjugate without following the rules in simple past and past participle. An English Irregular Verb List — Free PDF Download Improve your English by learning and memorizing the common irregular verbs in English below. If you have any questions about studying English, please contact us. Perfect-English-Grammar.com 50 Common Irregular Verbs Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle be was / were been become became become begin began begun bring brought brought buy bought bought ... Microsoft Word - 50 Common Irregular Verbs list.doc Author: Seonaid Bell Created Date: 1 The English Irregular Verb REGULAR VS. IRREGULAR VERBS A regular verb forms its past tense and past participle by adding -d or -ed to its base form. This ending may be pronounced /d/ (cared, happened, viewed), /ud/ (committed, needed, listed), or /t/ (mixed, searched, slipped).See pages 3–4 for details. An irregular verb forms its past tense or past participle, or both, in an unpredictable List of Dutch irregular verbs Infinitive simple past singular simple past plural past participle English bakken bakte bakten gebakken to fry bannen bande banden gebannen to ban barsten barstte barstten gebarsten to burst bederven bedierf bedierven bedorven to rot, to decay bedriegen bedroog bedrogen bedrogen Common Irregular Verbs - Grouped Author: RebeccaESL Subject: A list of the most common irregular verbs in English. You should know these by heart. They have been grouped to assist you in learning. Remember that the base form is used with the simple present tense. (Example: I often forget my umbrella. This list contains all the irregular verbs of the English language. Each entry includes the base or bare infinitive first, followed by the simple past (V2) form and the past participle (V3) form. Taking some time to make sentences using each irregular verb form will help you to use these verbs correctly when speaking and writing. Irregular Verbs 1 of 21 UsingEnglish.com List of 616 English Irregular Verbs From UsingEnglish.com A comprehensive list of 616 English irregular verbs, including their base form, past simple, past participle and definitions. Click on Show Forms to see the 3rd person singular and the present participle instead of the definitions. Title: Microsoft Word - irregular verbs chart - alphabetical order.doc Author: rewind Created Date: 4/13/2009 2:46:21 PM List of Irregular Verbs Base form - past simple - past participle https://www.e-grammar.org/pdf-books/ https://www.e-grammar.org/ lose lost lost